Top 100 Biology Interview Questions and Answers

1. Which is better to grow plants in Rock sand or soil?

When we grew plants inside, with no wind, and the plants in the rocks grew better than the plants that were growing from the sand and dirt from outside.

2. What happens when the cell membrane or plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?

When cell membrane ruptures Ions leek out and unless repaired in time the cell will die. As we know that the plasma membrane is not stationary, and it is made of lipids and protein, so when damage happens the cell repairs itself by producing new part like the damaged one that is why it is dynamic.

3. What are analogies for mitochondria?

Well, as you know, the mitochondria are the producers of most of a cell’s energy and the nucleolus creates ribosomes. The cell wall is only in a plant cell and is a rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants and some organisms.

4. What is a terrestrial organism?

‘Terra’ is the Latin word for earth. Therefore, an animal that lives on the surface of the earth is called terrestrial. This is the same root word as ‘extraterrestrial’ meaning an alien.

5. What is the optimum temperature for catalyses?

For any chemical reaction, the reaction rate increases with temperature, so the higher the temperature, the faster the rate. For any enzymatic reaction, the reaction rate will increase with temperature until the temperature at which the enzyme begins to denature is reached, and this is the optimum temperature.

The denaturizing temperature depends on the composition of the protein (its amino acid sequence), which varies for catalyses from different organisms. Therefore, the answer to your question is that the optimum temperature is dependent on the source organism.

6. How much salt is in the human body?

50 Kilo human has about 7 tablespoons of salt within him.

7. What is the difference between an acid and a base?

Base is any thing, which has a capability to abstract a proton.
Using the simplest definition, an acid is something when added to water releases hydrogen ions (H+), also called protons. A base, or an alkali, is something that when added to water releases hydroxide (OH-) ions.

The strength of a basic (or alkaline) or acidic solution is measured using the pH scale. A pH of 7 is perfectly pure neutral water (neither acidic nor basic), and pH below 7 is acidic, and a pH above 7 is basic.

There is another definition, which says that an acid releases H+ and a bases remove H+ from water. This definition is a bit more general than the first one above. Note that releasing OH- is the same as removing H+. This is because when OH- mixes with H+, they form neutral H2O, and so for every OH- released, one H+ is removed by combining them into water.

The final definition of an acid and base is the most general, but the hardest to understand conceptually, and it is not always taught in high school because of this. According to this definition, acids are electron pair acceptors, and bases are electron pair donors.

8. What is cell biology?

Cell biology is the science of studying how cells function such as their reproduction and metabolism, their internal and external anatomy.

9. What is a recessive gene?

With the birth of a child, it gets its genes from both parents. Some genes ‘override’ other genes. Using hair color as example:
If one parent is blond (Pb) and one parent is black hair (Pd), blond would be the recessive gene, and dark would be the dominant gene.

Meaning:

Pb x Pb = Blond Pd x Pd = Dark Pb x Pd = Dark Pd x Pb = Dark

Recessive genes occur in the genotype (inside the body, disease, disorder) or fenotype (appearance, blue eyes brown eyes). In all other cases, the dominant gene will override the recessive gene.

10. Does seed germination affect plant growth?

Germination does affect plant growth
Without germination in the plant, the plant is not able to grow. The germination is the beginning of life for the seed plant
However, the rate of germination is not directly related to rates of plant growth one can find speedy germinating seeds, which grow slowly and vice versa.

11. What is an analogy for a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is like a manufacturing plant, like a factory, where proteins and lipids are made. This is also where things are packaged into boxed and sent off to different places. In the cell the smooth ER is a network of membrane bound bodies which lack ribosomes (the molecules used in protein synthesis) and its primary function is to modify, encapsulate and transport newly synthesized proteins and lipids which will be secreted or remain in the cytoplasm as membrane bound vesicles.

The smooth ER can also be compared to a highway, or a protein and lipid highway, if you will. It is sometimes called the transitional ER because it contains exit sites from which transport vesicles carrying these proteins and lipids bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus. It is usually prominent in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism and synthesis.

12. What are the examples of homeostasis?

Regulation of body temperature, control of blood glucose levels, the regulation of salt and water balance

13. How do you determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar?

A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds.
Two factors go into determining if a molecule is a polar.

To determine if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-polar, you must determine both factors.

1) The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule;
2) The shape or geometry of the molecule

First, to determine if a given individual bond is a polar, you need to know the electro negativity of two atoms involved in that bond. To find the electro negativities of all the elements, look at the periodic table (follow the link to the left of this answer under Web Links). If the electro negativity of the two atoms has a difference of 0.3 or less, then the bond is non-polar. If the electro negativity difference is greater that 0.3 but less than 1.7, then the bond is polar.

Once you know which bonds in the molecule are known as polar and which are non-polar, you must use the shape of the molecule. You need the shape because two polar bonds, if oriented correctly can cancel each other out (like two equally strong people pulling in opposite directions on a rope — nobody moves). There are 3 possible outcomes:

14. How does caffeine effect plant growth?

Minerals like potassium are often found alongside caffeine when it occurs in plant sources like coffee beans, and that could help the plant grow faster. However, the caffeine itself would be unlikely to have any affect on the plant’s rate of growth.
I tested it and the plant grew at normal rate but the leaves were more wrinkly and browner

15. What are the names and uses of the various laboratory tools?

Tools include beakers, microscopes, tweezers, hot plates, lasers, voltmeters, test tubes, Erlenmeyer flasks, thermometers, test tube racks, Bunsen burners, crucibles, tripods and more. They are used to measure, observe and gather data for experiments, as well as to perform reactions and to heat things. More advanced laboratory equipment includes items such as spectrometers, centrifuges and chromatographs.

Safety Tools

1. Eye Wash: In case materials get into your eyes, use this to rinse them out

2. Safety Shower: In case materials get onto your clothing or body, use this to rinse them off

16. Why mosquito bites and it causes itching?

A mosquito does not actually bite you, of course. It sucks your blood.
To help enable effective blood sucking, it first injects anti-coagulant saliva to stop the blood from clotting or forming a scab while it feeds. When the mosquito goes away, its saliva stays in the pocket under your skin.
Now comes the itchy part. Your body releases histamine to fight off a foreign substance. It is the same as an allergic reaction. The histamine causes swelling around the area and as a side effect, it itches.

17. What are living and nonliving reservoirs?

Viruses are both living as well as non-living. They have reservoirs of genes. A single nucleotide is a unit of gene. Viral genes make use of host raw material (non-living elements/organic moieties/ water etc.,) including elements to synthesize organic molecules or macromolecules.

Subsequently, viruses replicate themselves thereby reproduce within the living cells. On crystallization, they become non-living and can stay in this state for years until they enter again into a living host to multiply. Certain plant viruses are transmitted to the progeny through seeds. Viruses evolve as any other living being. Therefore, now virus names are written in italics like binomial/trinomial names similar to scientific name of any other living organism i.e. Tobacco mosaic virus (read as italic).

18. What is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

Carrier proteins are globular proteins which are specific it their action and thus regulate the entry and exit of particles into the cell. They help in the conduction of ionic substances and polar substances.

19. What are some things that have algae in them?

Yeast is considered Algae. The Research I have done says that Dairy Products have Algae.

20. What is the natural habitat of E.coli?

The E.coli was first identified in the colon region of large intestine and so it was given the name “coli” (found in colon) they are coliforms. It luxuriously grows in our large intestine and it is an important normal microflora of human. It will not do any harm when present in intestine and if it enters the blood or other sites of the body, it causes urinary tract infection

21. How do keep respiratory system healthy?

The circulatory system supplies food and oxygen to the body’s cell. It carries away waste production of energy. The wastes must then be removed.

22. Who created the two-part naming system used in biology?

The scientific naming system that is used worldwide today was first devised by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1737. He proposed a two-part naming system, which classifies every living organism with a string of Latin and Greek identifiers. Full names are devised starting with kingdom and extending downward through phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

The two-part name, or binomial name, consists of the genus and species of the organism and used to prevent the confusion that may arise with common names.

The binomial nomenclature (two-part name) of an organism belongs to a universal format: the genus of the organism is the first name, which is always capitalized, and acts as a noun. The species of the organism is always the second name, is minuscule (lower-case), and acts as an adjective.

Take, for example, the cougar. The cougar’s genus is Puma, and its species is known as concolor. The entire name would read as follows, Puma concolor or P. concolor for short.

23. What is an organ that belongs to more than one organ system?

One answer is the pancreas. It belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems.
Another one is bone marrow. It is part of the skeletal and the circulatory system because it makes both red and white blood cells.

24. Why do leaves change color?

Leaves are the food factories of plants. During the spring and summer, leaves are actively making food and they are filled with chlorophyll, which gives green color. As summer, ends and the days get shorter and cooler, food production stops and the leaves stop producing food. The chlorophyll disappears and they begin to change into the yellows, oranges, and reds that we see in autumn.

25. Why would a tongue not detect mild sweetness after eating foods with high sweetness?

This happens because of the “desensitization” of sensory receptors on the sensory cells of your tongue. This phenomenon occurs in all of our senses, where a strong and continuous stimulus desensitizes us to the same stimulus, so that it is harder to detect. For example, this is how you adjust to new smells, or why it is harder to hear after attending a loud concert. It is part of how your body is able to adapt to new environments.

The sensory cells of your sensory organs regulate and “desensitize” these receptors in multiple ways. For instance, sensory receptors on the cell surface can be deactivated or cells can internalize the receptors and degrade them, both of these events effectively reduce the number of functioning receptors on the cell surface and thus reduce its ability to detect a stimulus.

26. Why do preserved foods not spoil?

Plant and animal cells must stay in an isotonic, or neutral, solution to survive. When salt or sugar is added, many of the cells wither and die, and the bacteria cannot live on dead cells.

Sometimes they have agents added that do not allow bacteria and other microbes to colonize and grow on the food. Microbes like bacteria and fungus break down the food causing the spoilage.

There are bacteria and other microorganisms, which live in all sorts of environments. Some tolerate oxygen and some do not. Some tolerate salt and some do not.

There are certain limits or parameters outside of which most or no microorganisms can remain active, however this is theoretical.

There have been microorganisms such as Archea living in thermal vents, hot springs, salt lakes, and other extreme environments for ages and ages.

Some microorganisms create “spores” which are like hard seeds, which can survive for many years under harsh conditions, waiting

until conditions are right to germinate and become active again. One example of this is Bacillus Anthracis, the bacteria that causes Anthrax.

27. What is an analogy for microtubules?

Microtubules have two main functions in cells and in doing so act like a skeleton as well as like railroad tracks. Microtubules are the main structural component of the cytoskeleton in cells, which provides the cell with structure and rigidity and determines the shape of the cell. They also serve to transport vesicles and proteins within the cytoplasm through transport proteins called kinesins and dyneins, which act much like railroad cars.

28. What is the tallness trait of a pea plant moving separately from the color trait an example of?

This is an example of Mendel’s second law, the Law of Independent Assortment, which states that the appearance of one trait will not affect the appearance of another. Current understanding of genetic inheritance, however, has shown that this is not always the case because two genes, which are located close to each other on the same chromosome, will most likely be inherited together.

29. What are two things that enter the cell for cellular respiration?

Carbohydrate molecules and oxygen enter the cell during cellular respiration.

30. How does the structure of a crab relate to its habitat?

Its hard exoskeleton protects it for most predators & keeps water off its flesh. The claws are used for mating duels & protection. The reason for so many legs is for grip on and off land.

31. What are blood enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions (as opposed to structural enzymes). Most of the detectable enzymes in the blood come from the various tissues and organs of the body. Abnormal levels may reflect problems with a particular organ.
The most common blood enzymes test is for liver enzymes. When the cells of the liver are damaged, enzymes can leak out and detected in the blood. Another common test measures enzymes from heart damage, such as from a heart attack.

32. How do organisms adjust to changes in temperature?

Some of the most common way for an organism to adjust to changes in body temperature is through perspiration or panting. As previously mentioned, this is all part of the balance mechanism known as homeostasis, which is usually defined as the “maintenance of a relatively stable, internal environment.”

33. What does an anther have on it?

The anther is the part of the flower that holds the pollen. This and the filament both make up the stamen.

34. Do all vascular plants develop annual rings?

Vascular plants are those, which have phloem and xylem structures within them to transport water and nutrients around the plant. Most of the plants you see around you are vascular. Think about grass or herbaceous plants – you will not find growth rings in those if you cut them through the middle.

Growth rings occur is plants with lignin in their stems (trees in other words). The rings are caused by the different rates of growth in summer and winter. In summer the tree grows quicker, the lignin fibers are less dense, and the ring is a bit lighter in color. In winter, growth is slower and the fibers are pack closer and appear darker.

Annual growth rings are near universal in the trees of the temperate regions. Trees growing in the tropics experience an even temperature environment over the year and rings are less pronounced or absent.

35. How does the odor of flower petals help pollination?

The purpose of the perfume is to attract a pollinator – insect, bat, bird or whatever. The reward for the pollinator is a meal of nectar, which is produced by the flower.

36. Why does DNA twist?

If it did not twist, would you expect it to fit into the miniscule cell? As we all know, if we join all of the DNA molecules from a person’s body end to end, we would get length three times the distance from the centre of the earth to the sun! Therefore, DNA does not have a choice but to follow the super solenoid structure. This is also aided by the purine-pyrimidine linkages, to balance the weight of DNA components.

Why pressing down on the cover slip does not remove excess water. Because of Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal an opposite reaction and hydraulic pressure. When you press down on the cover slip, the water underneath it pushes back against you with the same force that you are pressing down on it. If you want to get the water to move out from under the cover slip, you need to direct it to the side.

One way to do this is to lift an edge and break the suction, then set it back down on one edge first to let the water run out, then press it down. This creates a side motion so the water does not push straight up into the cover slip, but pushes at an angle, which allows it to run out.

37. What are some examples of chemical and physical changes?

Chemical changes are irreversible changes such as combustion and frying an egg.
Physical changes are reversible changes such as ice melting and deflating a ball.

38. What is the importance of genetics?

It also improves the human race is some cases such as the lately people being born without appendix.
Hitler kind had the idea of genetics in mind when he created his ‘master race’ of blue-eyed blonde hair people. As a result, today blue eyes are getting rarer and rarer as the green/brown eye gene takes over.

1 in 100,000 people on average have a mutation. Mutations are what cause evolution. If for example a baby were born with, a natural immunity to AIDS then that would be a beneficial mutation to human race. If that child grew up and had many children then eventually the gene would spread and one day all people would be immune to aids.

39. What is the movement of paramiciumcillia?

Paramecium: This large single-celled protist contains many, many short little “hair-like” structures called cillia that cover the entire cell. The cillia move like little oars that help the paramecium swim and gather food into its “food grove”. The paramecium appears a light pink in color. It is known as a Ciliate.

40. What are analogies for centrioles?

A Centriole is like a straw because they both are tubes that let things get from one end to the other end.
The centriole has a round look to it because it is made from nine triplets of microtubules that make a straw-like (as said above) look.

41. Why do organisms live in certain places?

Think of that, the temperature difference in the desert is huge. So in order to survive, the cactus plant reduces heat gain and heat loss as well as water loss. (E.g. narrow pin shaped leaves, long extensive roots)

42. Why do substances react with each other?

Chemical reactions occur because the products of the reaction have less energy than the reactants (drive toward less energy). These reactions release energy into the environment, like the burning of a match. Chemical reactions also occur because the products are more random (less ordered) than the reactant (drive toward greater entropy).

43. What are the uses of formycin B?

Formycin B is a drug used to destroy of intestinal parasites.

44. How does iodine kill germs?

The microbiocidal action of Iodine is due to the active form, I2, which is polarized by water and like all halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, etc.), acts as an extremely potent oxidizer. Activated iodine (I2) reacts in electrophilic reactions with enzymes of the respiratory chain as well as with amino acids located in cell membrane and cell wall proteins. The well-balanced tertiary structure necessary for maintaining the respiratory chain as well as cell integrity is destroyed and the microorganism is irreversibly damaged.

45. What are the complementary base-pairing rules for biology?

In DNA, Adenine bonds with Thymine, Cytosine bonds with Guanine. In RNA, Thymine is replaced with Uracil (bases capitalized for easy emphasis/reference, not grammar.)

Purines and Pyrimidines are two families of Nitrogenous bases.

In DNA:

Adenine and Guanine: Purines

Cytosine and Thymine: Pyrimidines

Adenine bonds with Thymine and Guanine bonds with Cytosine.
A&T have 2 hydrogen bonds and G&C have 3 hydrogen bonds.

46. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

Both xylem and phloem are vascular tissues found in a plant. Xylem is a tubular structure, which is responsible for water transport from the roots towards all of the parts of the plant. Phloem is also a tubular structure, which, on the other hand, is responsible for the transportation of food and other nutrients needed by plant.

47. Why is water conservation in c3 c4 and cam plants important?

Cam stands for Crassulacean acid metabolism.
C3 and C4 conserve less water than Cam plants.
Actually, C4 plant captures more carbon than C3 plant. In the struggle to reduce carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, genetic scientists have modified some large-scale crops into C4 bases. Cam plant is wholly different from C3 and C4 and examples of are the cactus and other succulent plants in order to survive in dry dusty regions. In Cam plants, carbon fixation occurs at night while C3 and C4 plants carry out photosynthesis during daylights.

48. What does veterinary medicine have to do with physiology and biochemistry?

A lot of Physiology will teach about the function of animals and their parts. This is very important, so you know about the animals you take care of and about parts affected by certain illnesses and injury. Biochemistry is the chemical processes of living things- digestion, defecation, blood, etc.

49. What is the main difference between a bird heart and a mammalian heart?

The bird heart has a single aortic arch on the right side of its body while the mammalian heart has one on the left.

50. What are the lowest and highest temperatures humans can survive?

Being in cold temperature air with proper shelter and clothing, humans can survive indefinitely, even if the temperature is below zero degrees. However, a person in regular clothing immersed in water just above freezing will last only a few minutes.

As for heat: A sauna can reach temperatures of close to 200 degrees, but since the air is around 10% humidity, it actually feels comfortable and has many healing properties. However, if the air is 90% humidity, then the safe temperature is more like around 110 degrees.
So maybe a better question to ask is at what temperature and humidity combinations are humans capable of surviving?

51. What has caused evolution?

1) Different individuals have different characteristics
2) these differences result in varying abilities to reproduce under local circumstances
3) Some of these differences are inherited
4) Those inherited differences that result in highly successful reproduction rates are the ones that will be present at higher percentages in the new generation.

Evolution is common sense but they have very close common ancestors. Now, think about evolution on a family, tribe, society level. Some individuals preserve there species line by being protectors or servants. (ex: ants, bees, certain species of birds) further ex: if a son helps raise 20 of his siblings but does not reproduce himself, then, the DNA from his parents will still be transferred in great abundance even if he doesn’t reproduce at all. Sometimes behavioral evolution is harder to explain in only simple definitions. Think about it.

52. What are organelles, which carry out autophagy?

Autophagy, being the degradation of cytoplasmic components as well as other organelles, is generally done with the lysosomes. The lysosomes, contain enzymes (hydrolase and others) to digest these worn out, damaged, or infected parts, which keeps the cell healthy and clean.

mTOR regulates this process (mammalian target of rapamycin). Lysosomes do carry out a similar procedure to autophagy. It is called autolysis, and that is when the lysosome, excretes all of its digestive juices into the cell. It is like a self-destruct and the entire cell is condemned to a digestive end. Do not worry it only applies to damaged cells.

53. What best describes the amoebas division?

(1) It is a Mode of asexual account in which a single parent is involved. The amoeba cell, which is unicellular, divides into two daughter cells, which are identical. First, the nucleus divides, then the cytoplasm and then plasma membranes.
(2) Sporulation when the environmental conditions are unfavorable, the amoeba cell secrets a 3 forming a cyst. This is called encystations. When are favorable the cell divides by multiple fission and form small pseudopodiospores the like totally wall breaks all the houses pseudopodiospores are released.

54. Are there ribosomes in a plant cell?

Yes, in fact there are ribosomes in both plant and animal cells.

That is right. Ribosomes are the site of synthesis of polypeptide chains; proteins are formed from polypeptide chains. Both animals and plants need proteins for many purposes, not least as enzymes.

There are also ribosomes in prokaryotic cells, but these are smaller. The ribosomes in prokaryotes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (Svedberg units); eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.

They are the sites of protein synthesis, which makes them as important as other cell organelles.

55. What does Liquescence digestive enzyme do?

It helps to normalize the secretion of digestive juices and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract

56. Why is there little or no grass in the forest?

1. Due to the presence of the bushy trees close together in the forest, sunlight does not penetrate easily to the ground. This is not suitable condition for grass to grow up.
2. Large trees take up majority of minerals and water substance, little left for these green grasses to grow.
3. Roots of these trees hold up the soil so that it is difficult for grass to penetrate the soil.
Therefore, there is little or no grass in the forest with big trees close together. Otherwise, if trees are rare then we can find grass.

57. What is the purpose of DNA?

Actually, DNA makes you who you are. It has all your heredity info, like your hair color, your personality, etc. No two person’s DNA is the same, not even twins

The main role of DNA is to store information over long periods without any significant loss of information contained in it. It is the precursor for all the metabolic reactions taking place in our body (involved may be directly or indirectly). DNA is so important because it does lot of things to say if you were found dead with no ID or anything they could use your DNA to figure out who you were, DNA is your identity, and it confirms the colors and shapes of what makes up you. It also shows if you have any diseases like hemophilia.

58. What is the classification that divides orders?

Orders are divided into Families.

The hierarchy of classification of living things most generally used is, from broadest to narrowest:

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species

59. What is reflexive memory?

Reflexive memory relies on the cerebellum and amygdala. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence oxygen, creates a maximum of 38 ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, and creates a maximum of 2 ATP. Aerobic respiration has both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation while anaerobic respiration has only substrate level phosphorlyation. Also, but use glycolysis.

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde, but in respiration, the final acceptor is oxygen.

60. Why are calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide considered inorganic compounds?

“The name “organic” is a historical name, dating back to 19th century, when it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms through vis vitalis – the “life-force”. The theory that organic compounds were fundamentally different from those that were “inorganic”, that is, not synthesized through a life-force, was disproved with the synthesis of urea, an “organic” compound by definition of its known occurrence only in the urine of living organisms, from potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate by Friedrich Wöhler in the Wöhler synthesis.

The kinds of carbon compounds that are still traditionally considered inorganic are those that were considered inorganic before Wöhler’s time; that is, those which came from “inorganic” (i.e., lifeless) sources such as minerals.”

Some carbon inorganic compounds are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite, fullerenes, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, carbonate, and carbide.

61. Is dwarf pampas grass invasive?

No. the root system is shallow and extends only as far as the plant is big. However if the irrigation system is installed poorly and the pipes are too shallow any plant will seek out the moisture and cause problems.

62. What is an example of a parasite relationship?

An example would be a flea and a dog. The flea drinks the dog’s blood, but does nothing beneficial for the dog.

63. Where is the gall bladder located?

The gall bladder is located in the Upper Right Quadrant (URQ) of the abdomen just below the liver. It stores bile secreted by the liver. The duct, which carries bile away from the bladder, is called the common bile duct, which joins the pancreatic duct, which opens in the duodenum. The bile emulsifies fats we take in our diet, thus the bile plays an important role in our lipid metabolism.

The gall bladder in humans is located on the underside of the liver just below the lower ribs.

64. What are hormones?

Hormones are chemicals secreted by the body to produce changes in physical appearance, reproductive behavior, and emotions.
Hormones are organic chemical messengers they are protein in nature & may have several specific effects on organs & thus control a wide variety of activities. Hormones do not operate in isolation but form an integrated system.

65. What is a pipette and how is it used?

There are many types of pipettes (or pipette), but most are essentially a fancier version of a medicine dropper or eye dropper. They are used in a laboratory to transport and/or measure a specific volume of liquid.

Volumetric pipettes allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely accurately and then add it so something else. They are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for titration. They typically only allow you measure one single volume in a particular size pipette (just like with volumetric flasks). Therefore, they come in many different sizes.

There are other types of pipettes also, such as a Pasteur pipette, which is not used to measure the volume of the liquid. It is essentially a large dropper, which can be used to remove liquid from one container and add it to another.

66. Is the bacterium MRSA pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

MRSA bacteria are pathogenic. This group of bacteria belongs to Staphylococcus aureus family, which have grown resistant to methicillin-type antibiotics.

MRSA stands for

M – methicillin R – resistant S – Staphylococcus A – aureus
Staphyloccocus aureus bacteria are often carried on people’s skin and sometimes in their noses and back of their throats. People carrying the bacteria who are healthy are said to be colonized, but not infected. The bacteria, however, can cause serious infections, such as pneumonia, blood, bone and surgical wound infections, as well as less serious infections such as impetigo, cellulitis and small abscesses or boils under the right conditions.

67. How can people support creationism when there is no factual basis for the claims made?

Be careful answering this one. Read the question through and turn it over in the mind. Perhaps the thinking person would say that people support creationism because of their faith. Their religion teaches the divine origin of man, and they believe it. That seems to be the crux of the argument by the creationists for creationism.

Some creationists decry the work of scientists who have built and continue to build more and more links in the chain of evolutionary development. There is so much evidence for the theory of evolution. What is there for the creationist to hold up in the light of reason? It can get dicey.

Certainly, there is a huge supply of scientific evidence for evolution. Science supports evolution by far more strongly than it does creation. There is no scientific evidence for creation. Certainly, science cannot prove that God did not create man. However, no one can prove by any testable means that He did. Arguments against evolution do not hold water scientifically.

The earth is a very, very old ball of rock, and time can do things to the earth and life on it that are almost beyond the comprehension of men. Creation science is an oxymoron, and is almost a joke to the vast majority of the scientific community.

68. What is a vesicle?

A vesicle is a relatively small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances

69. Why the orange trees are often sprayed with water?

Although it is grossly counter-intuitive, whenever citrus groves are in danger of experiencing below-freezing temperatures, the trees are sprayed with water. This causes frost to form on the rinds of the fruit and provides an extra layer of insulation against the low temperatures that would otherwise freeze the edible portion of the fruit and destroy the crop.

70. What does an osteoblast cell do?

Living cells within the bone are engaged in an unceasing process of remodeling. Osteoblasts lining the surface of bone are much like fibroblasts, deposit, and organize new bone matrix while osteocytes demolish old bone matrix.
Osteoblasts are converted into osteocytes as they become embedded in this matrix and the matrix calcifies.

71. What is a burette and how is it used?

A burette is a uniform-bore glass tube with fine gradations and a stopcock at the bottom, used especially in laboratory procedures for accurate fluid dispensing and measurement.

The burette is commonly used in titrations to measure precisely how much liquid is used. A burette is simultaneously occupied by the presences of a liquid measuring and transferring this derailment.

72. How is a genetic trait determined by the genetic code within a DNA molecule?

A DNA molecule has 4 different bases, either CGTA. Any specific combination of these things forms a different protein (a triplet of 3 base pairs codes for an amino acid and a chain of amino acids is a protein) which is expressed. This protein allows a genetic trait to be expressed. An example could be a protein that adds color to your hair.

73. What is monera?

One of the 5 main kingdoms includes bacteria and blue/green algae. Does NOT have a cell membrane, or in other words, is made of prokaryotic cells.

Actually, Monera encompasses eubacteria and archbacteria. In addition, prokaryotes DO have a cell membrane. What they do not have is a membrane bound nucleus.

74. How does fruit produce seeds?

For the formation of fruits, the flower should be fertilized. Where the pollen grain is a male gamete and ovule is a female gamete. When the pollen grain comes is contact with the ovule fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed. This zygote is nothing but seed whereas the other parts of the flower like sepals and petals also contribute in the formation of fruit.

75. What are analogies for a vacuole?

As vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents, similarly school bags are also storage contents of your books

76. What is a Florence flask? How it is used?

A Florence flask (also known as a boiling flask) is a type of flask. It is a piece of laboratory glassware. It can hold chemical solutions. The flask has a round body with a long neck. The flask usually comes in volumes of 1 liter. It is similar in shape and function to a round bottom flask.

77. How does oak blight spread?

The spread of oak blight likely occurs through infected plant material, rainwater, and soil. Foliar hosts may play an important role in the transmission of the infection to bark canker hosts. Moist, cool, windy conditions are thought to spread the pathogen by dispersing spores from the leaves of foliar hosts.

78. What is a triglyceride?

A tricglyceride is a glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together

79. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotic cells do not have a pre-defined nucleus. The chromosomes in prokaryotes are dispersed in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, the chromosomes remain intact inside the nucleus and there is a conspicuous nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Another difference is that, there is cytoplasmic movement in prokaryotes, whereas there is no cytoplasmic movement in eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic: also no membrane-covered organelles, has circular DNA and bacteria, Eukaryotic: membrane-covered organelles, linear DNA and all other cells. Prokaryotic as a group is the most metabolically diverse. Eukaryotic makes many histones, a type of protein that structurally stabilizes the DNA.

80. What are the balanced chemical equations of breathing?

Breathing is all about gas exchange
When we breathe, we are adding a new Tidal volume to our Functional Residual capacity. With that comes Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen and Water vapor. The only 2 gases that participate in actual gas exchange are oxygen and Carbon dioxide. Our ventilation rate is matched to our Carbon dioxide production and therefore if we make twice as much carbon dioxide our ventilation will increase by 2 fold.

At the lungs: Hydrogen + Bicarbonate form in the presence of Carbonic anhydrate Carbonic acid which gets converted by that same enzyme to Carbon dioxide and water. Remember carbon dioxide is a volatile acid so it is breathed off.

Also at the lungs Oxygen saturates Hemoglobin because as hydrogen is being used by Carbonic anhydrate of the red blood cells it is being removed from the Hemoglobin an shifting the dissociation curve to the left therefore increasing Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. Oxygen content = (% saturation of Hb x Amt of Hb) + Dissolved oxygen in plasma (ml/dl)
O.3ml/dl is the normal dissolved oxygen in plasma if % saturation of Hb is 97.5 or higher.

81. What is a graduated cylinder and how is it used?

A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory glassware used to accurately measure out volumes of chemicals for use in reactions. They are generally more accurate and precise for this purpose than beakers or Erlenmeyer flasks, although not as precise as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette. They come in a variety of sizes for different volumes, typically 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, or 100 mL and up to as large as 1 or 2 liters.
Determine the volume contained in a graduated cylinder by reading the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.

82. Why is it important to be familiar with the laboratory apparatus and their uses?

If you do not use instruments or lab apparatuses correctly (or use an apparatus for something it is not intended for) you can very seriously injure yourself!

In addition, if you misuse instruments used for measurements, the results of your experiments will be wrong because you will not have correctly measured the thing you were trying to determine, and so you will draw the wrong conclusion about the result of the experiment.

83. What is the difference between nematocyst and spicules?

Nematocysts are on Cnidarians
Spicules are in Poriferae

84. Why are trees green?

It is because leaves have chloroplasts, which have a green pigment, which also have chlorophyll inside them. They are used for conducting photosynthesis, which gives the tree glucose, which is its food.

85. What does vacuoles do?

It is an organelle, located in the cell’s cytoplasm, which is the site of protein synthesis.
It is actually a protein consisting of 2 parts. These 2 “parts” clamp down on strands of messenger RNA in the cytoplasm and “translate” the information from the mRNA into proteins. They do this by aligning up the proper amino acids, as coded for by the RNA, into their proper sequence and sticking them together. This precise string of amino acids then folds into a protein.

The ribosome is far more than 2 proteins. The ribosome is composed of two subunits- a small and large. Each of these subunits is composed of many proteins and rRNA.
They are the weirdest thing ever. It is in your body and makes you walk and talk.

86. Why is the reaction of ethane and chlorine not a free-radical addition reaction?

Because no free radicals are involved in the reaction process only carbo cations and Cl- are evolved which are ionic.

87. How many cells are in the average human brain?

Roughly, 6 trillion are in the average human brain.

88. What are analogies for a nucleolus?

If the nucleolus is the president of a factory then the nucleolus is the manager. Just picture the cell as a factory, everybody working together and each having different stations. It would do what the president says

89. If curly hair is genetic, why do you have curly hair if none of your ancestors did?

The answer to your question may lie in the way that hair-type genes are inherited.

First, review of some basic genetics stuff. For most genes, you have two copies of each gene that you inherited from your mother and father. For most “traditional” genes, there is a dominant and recessive version. This all has to do with gene expression and phenotype.

If at least one dominant version of the gene is present, it will be expressed regardless of what the other is. The only way the recessive version will be expressed is if the dominant version is not present. This holds true for some simple traits like whether earlobes are attached or not, where the free earlobe allele is dominant (noted as “E”) and the attached (noted as “e”) allele is recessive.

Hair-type does not follow the nice and simple pattern of inheritance. Hair-type follows a type of inheritance pattern known as “incomplete dominance”. Like the earlobe gene, there are two versions of the hair-type gene, curly (noted as C) and straight (noted as s). The incomplete dominance refers to the fact that if you have one of each version of the gene, you get a mix of the two or, in this case, wavy hair. Therefore, for hair type, CC gives curly, Cs gives wavy and ss give straight hair.

90. What is the proper name for EDTA and what is it?

EDTA is ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. It is a strong chelating agent.

It has many uses including:

1) Industrial cleaning: complexation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, binding of heavy metals

2) Detergents: complexation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (reduction of water hardness)

3) Photography: use of Fe (III) EDTA as oxidizing agent

4) Pulp and paper industry: complexation of heavy metals during chlorine-free bleaching, stabilization of hydrogen peroxide

5) Textile industry: complexation of heavy metals, bleach stabilizer

6) Agrochemicals: Fe, Zn and Cu fertilizer, especially in calcareous soils

7) Hydroponics: iron-EDTA is used to solubilize iron in nutrient solutions.

91. How do plants take in oxygen?

First cells in take carbon dioxide and does photosynthesis, which takes water, sugar, and CO2 and then creates oxygen and a green pigment.

However, plants breed just like animals and thus use up all the O2 they produce (or almost all). They are auto-sufficient.

92. What are sori?

The word “sori” is the plural form of “sorus”. In ferns, a sorus (pl. sori) is a cluster of sporangia on the edge or underside of a fertile frond. In many species, they are protected by an umbrella-like cover called the indusium.”

93. What does acute disease mean?

An acute disease is which does not last for a longer duration n has no weakness in the body

94. What is an Erlenmeyer flask and how is it used?

It is similar to a beaker, except that it gets narrower at the top. It is used to hold liquids and do reactions in it.

95. What a test tube brush and how is it used?

It is a device, made with nylon bristles attached to a twisted-wire shaft, used to knock the bottoms out of test tubes.

96. What is the formula for photosynthesis?

H2O + 6CO2+ Light Energy —-> C6H12O6+ 6O2
6 molecules of water + 6 molecules of carbon dioxide —>1 molecule of glucose + 6 molecules of oxygen
The one molecule of sugar C6H12O6 is the glucose molecule
This means that carbon dioxide (6CO2) w/ Water
(6h2o) and light energy creates glucose and carbon dioxide

97. What is a brain freeze?

What is commonly referred to as ‘brain freeze’ occurs when you ingest something that is very cold too quickly. When the cold touches your soft palate it constricts the blood vessels in the area, and then when they dilate it causes pain behind the eyes or even up into the forehead. Your brain does not actually freeze; you just get a lot of pain for a short period.

98. What are the uses of squid fins?

Fins are used by squids to move at low speeds. Their siphon is used when they need to move quickly.

99. How long do flowers usually last?

Some flowers, such as Bachelors Buttons, Zinnias, Marigolds, and Petunias last pretty much from the time they start blooming until frost. Others, such as Irises, Tulips, and Daffodils bloom in the spring for a short time. Daylilies bloom in the summer. Mums bloom in the fall. Many varieties bloom longer if you pinch off the old blooms. The best way to choose flowers for the bloom-time you want is to obtain one or more seed catalogs or a book of flowers that gives information on each one.

100. What is the control center of the cell?

The nucleus contains DNA, which contains the instructions for all the functions of the body.