100 Essential Biotechnology Interview Questions
Q – 1 What is clonal energy?
Ans- It is a state, in which the antigen cannot activate the cells.
Q – 2 What is an alveolar macrophage?
Ans- Macrophage, which is found in alveolus of the lung, is alveolar macrophage.
Q – 3 What is secreted immunoglobulin?
Ans- It is a form of antibody, which is secreted by cells of B lineage.
Q – 4 What is a thymocyte?
Ans- It is a developing T cell, which is present in the thymus.
Q – 5 What is the function CD4 antigen?
Ans- It acts as a co receptor for MHC class II restricted T cell activation; receptor for HIV.
Q – 6 What is exotoxin?
Ans- Toxin produced by a microorganism, which is released into surrounding fluid, is called exotoxin.
Q – 7 What are immunoglobulin folds?
Ans- Immunoglobulin domains are folded into compact structures, which are called as immunoglobulin folds.
Q – 8 What are altered self-cells?
Ans- The cytotoxic T lymphocytes which kill foreign antigens complexes with MHC I molecules are called altered self-cells.
Q – 9 What is naïve B cell?
Ans- Mature B cell is called naïve B cell.
Q – 10 What is clonal selection?
Ans- Proliferation of B cells in response to interaction with an antigen is called clonal selection.
Q – 11 What are endogenous antigens?
Ans- Antigens, which are produced within the host cell, are called endogenous antigens.
Q – 12 What is interferon induced antiviral state?
Ans- Interferon reacting with interferon receptors of a cell, after which the cell enters in a state called interferon, induced antiviral state.
Q – 13 How Interferon ß is produced?
Ans- It is produced by fibroblasts.
Q – 14 How Interferon a is produced?
Ans- It is produced by leukocytes or WBCs.
Q – 15 Name the major types of interferons?
Ans- 1) Interferon a
2) Interferon ß
3) Interferon
Q – 16 What is immunopurification?
Ans- Purifying antigens present in small quantities as a mixture by interacting an antibody to an antigen.
Q – 17 What is the natural toxin found in the endosperm of castor?
Ans- The toxin found is Ricin.
Q – 18 How are the polyclonal antibodies produced?
Ans- They are produced by different plasma cell clones.
Q – 19 What are polyclonal antibodies?
Ans- Antibodies of different specificities, which react to the same antigen, are called polyclonal antibodies.
Q – 20 How monoclonal antibodies are produced?
Ans- Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma clones.
Q – 21 What is a monoclonal antibody?
Ans- It is an antibody produced from a single antibody-producing cell.
Q – 22 What is the self-antigen for autoimmune haemolytic anemia?
Ans- RBC membrane proteins
Q – 23 What is the self-antigen for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?
Ans- Pancreatic beta cells
Q – 24 What is the self-antigen for myocardial infarction?
Ans- The self-antigen is Heart.
Q – 25 What is the self-antigen for scleroderma?
Ans- Heart, lungs, kidney, nuclei, gastro intestinal tract
Q – 26 What is the self-antigen for rheumatoid arthritis?
Ans- Connective tissue, IgG
Q – 27 What is the self-antigen for graves disease?
Ans- Thyroid stimulating receptor
Q – 28 What is the self-antigen for perinicious anemia?
Ans- Gastric perietal cells
Q – 29 What is the self-antigen for Addisons disease?
Ans- Adrenal cells
Q – 30 What is the self-antigen for good pastures syndrome?
Ans- Renal and lung basement membranes
Q – 31 What is xenograft?
Ans- It is nothing but grafting between different species.
Q – 32 What is allograft?
Ans- It is nothing but grafting between genetically different individuals of the same species.
Q – 33 What is isograft?
Ans- It is nothing but grafting between genetically identical individuals.
Q – 34 What is the target antigen for breast cancer?
Ans- Glycoprotein
Q – 35 What is the target antigen for neuroectodermal tumors?
Ans- Glycolipids associated with neural tissues.
Q – 36 What is the target antigen for breast and ovarian tumors?
Ans- Cell surface EGF binding protein
Q – 37 What is the target antigen for colon cancer?
Ans- Glycoprotein
Q – 38 What is the target antigen for acute myeloblastic leukemia?
Ans- CD45 is for acute myloblastic leukemia
Q – 39 What are exogenous antigens?
Ans- Antigens, which are produced outside the host cell, are called exogenous antigens.
Q – 40 What is the target antigen for anti idiotype tumor antigen?
Ans- Immunoglobulin
Q – 41 What is the target antigen for T cell leukemia?
Ans- The antigen for T cell is CD5.
Q – 42 What is the target antigen for B cell lymphoma?
Ans- Antigen for B cell is CD20.
Q – 43 What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule cytotoxic T cells?
Ans- Cell mediated immune response.
Activity: Kills virus infected self-cells.
Q – 44 What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule IFN ? secreted by TH or TC cell?
Ans- Cell mediated immune response.
Q – 45 What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule compliment activated by IgG or IgM?
Ans- It is Humoral response. Activity: Mediated opsonization
Q – 46 What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule IgM?
Ans- It is Humoral response. Activity: Agglutination
Q – 47 What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecules IgG, IgM and IgA?
Ans- It is Humoral response. Activity: Blocks fusion of viral envelope to the cell plasma membrane.
Q – 48 What are MHC molecules?
Ans- Proteins that are encoded by major histocompatibility complex
Q – 49 What is isotope switching?
Ans- It is conversion of antibody class to another resulting from genetic rearrangement of heavy chain constant region genes in B cells. Isotope switching is also called as class switching.
Q – 50 What are intracellular pathogens?
Ans- These microbial agents grow within a cell.
Example: Viruses and intracellular bacteria like Salmonella.
Q – 51 What is immune complex?
Ans- It is a complex of antibody bound to antigen, which includes complement components.
Q – 52 What is an immunotoxin?
Ans- Immunotoxin is produced by conjugating or combining an antibody with highly toxic agent.
Q – 53 What is immunofluorescence?
Ans- Staining cells or tissues with fluorescent antibodies and visualize them under a fluorescent microscope.
Q – 54 What is immuno adsorption?
Ans- It is removal of an antigen or antibody from a sample by the process of adsorption, to which the complimentary antigen or antibody is bound.
Q – 55 What are interferons?
Ans- Interferons are small glycoproteins produced by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral infection. They are heterogeneous. Gamma interferons induce MHC class II antigens in macrophages, B cells, and endothelial cells.
Q – 56 What is erythropoiesis?
Ans- Generation of red blood cells is called as erythropoiesis.
Q – 57 What is an effector response?
Ans- It is the response produced after recognition and binding of an antigen by antibody.
Q – 58 What is an effector cell?
Ans- Any cell that can mediate immune response is called as effector cell.
Q – 59 What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Ans- In this type if leukemia cancerous cells are continuously produced.
Q – 60 What is BCG?
Ans- It is an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis. It is used as vaccine and as an adjuvant compound.
Q – 61 What is a booster?
Ans- Boosters are given to stimulate immunological memory response.
Q – 62 What is a bispecific antibody?
Ans- It is made by cross-linking two different antibodies or by fusion of two hybridomas, which produce monoclonal antibodies.
Q – 63 What is bradykinin?
Ans- A peptide producing inflammatory response.
Q – 64 What is antigenic competition?
Ans- Antigenic competition is the inhibition of immune response to an antigen by immunization with different antigens.
Q – 65 What is autograft?
Ans- Grafting of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same individual is called as autograft.
Q – 66 What is apoptosis?
Ans- Changes those are associated with programmed cell death, including release of apoptotic bodies, blebbing, and nuclear fragmentation.
Q – 67 What is antigenic drift?
Ans- Series of point mutations that cause minor antigenic variations in the pathogens
Q – 68 What is an agretope?
Ans- The region of an antigenic peptide, which binds to MCH molecule, is known as agretope.
Q – 69 What is agglutination?
Ans- Clumping of particles or cells is called agglutination.
Q – 70 What is an agglutinin?
Ans- A substance can mediate clumping of the cells or particles.
Q – 71 What is adoptive transfer?
Ans- The ability to participate in the immune response by the process of transplantation of cells is adoptive transfer.
Q – 72 What is an abzyme?
Ans- It is a monoclonal antibody, which has catalytic activity.
Q – 73 How viral load can be measured?
Ans- Viral load is measured by PCR based techniques.
Q – 74 What is the first overt indication of AIDS?
Ans- The first overt indication of AIDS may be infection with the fungus Candida albicans, which causes sores in the mouth and in women vulvovaginal yeast infection is formed that will not respond to the treatment given.
Q – 75 What does HAART do?
Ans- HAART will lower the viral load and improves the health of the patients who are suffering with AIDS.
Q – 76 What is the current treatment given to AIDS?
Ans- Current treatment given to AIDS is HAART (highly active anti retroviral therapy).It is a combination therapy.
Q – 77 What are major successful vaccines?
Ans- Major successful vaccines are live attenuated and heat killed vaccines.
Q – 78 What do most vaccines function as?
Ans- Most of the vaccines prevent disease but not infection.
Q – 79 What does myeloid immunodeficiency cause?
Ans- Myeloid immunodeficiency causes phagocytic function, which is impaired. Those who are affected with this will suffer with increase in susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Q – 80 What does immunodeficiency results?
Ans- Immunodeficiency results in failure of one or more components of immune system.
Q – 81 What does HIV results?
Ans- HIV results in impairment of immune function by depletion oh CD4+ T cells.
Q – 82 What is the treatment for HIV?
Ans- Anti-retroviral drugs are given. They lower the viral load and gives relief from infection, but it is not permanent it is temporary relief i.e. it cannot cure.
Q – 83 How HIV infection is mainly spread?
Ans- It is mainly spread by sexual contact, blood transfers and from HIV infected mother to child.
Q – 84 What is a provirus?
Ans- It is the DNA representing, the genome of virus that has been integrated into the DNA of the host.
Q – 85 What is a retrovirus?
Ans- It is a class of viruses having RNA genome and reverse transcriptase enzyme within virus cuspid.
Q – 86 How AIDS is caused?
Ans- It is caused by the infection of HIV 1 i.e. human immunodeficiency virus.
Q – 87 What is the full form of AIDS?
Ans- Full form of AIDS is acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome.
Q – 88 Name some purified macromolecules derived from pathogens?
Ans- They are capsular polysaccharides, inactivated exotoxins and recombinant microbial antigens.
Q – 89 Why purified macromolecules are used as vaccines?
Ans- To avoid the risk associated with attenuated and killed whole organism vaccines.
Q – 90 What is a toxoid?
Ans- Inactivating the toxin with formaldehyde is toxoid.
Q – 91 Normally at what age vaccination of children begins?
Ans- Vaccination of children begins at the age of 2 months.
Q – 92 How is active immunity acquired?
Ans- Active immunity is acquired through vaccines, attenuated organisms, toxoid, natural infection, cloned microbial antigens, etc.
Q – 93 How passive immunity is acquired?
Ans- Passive immunity is acquired through natural maternal antibodies, antitoxin, and immunoglobulin.
Q – 94 What happens when cutaneous exposure occurs?
Ans- Cutaneous exposure results in skin lesions.
Q – 95 What happens when gastrointestinal exposure occurs?
Ans- Gastrointestinal exposure results in bloody diarrhea, ulcers in ileum or cecum and sepsis and it is very difficult to diagnosis.
Q – 96 What is the disease caused by influenza A subtype H9N2?
Ans- New strain of human influenza
Q – 97 What is the disease caused by TSE causing agents?
Ans- New variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Q – 98 What is the disease caused by Human herpes virus – 8?
Ans- It is associated with Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients.
Q – 99 What is the disease caused by Bartonella henselae?
Ans- Cat scratch disease
Q – 100 What is the disease caused by Legionella pneumophilia?
Ans- Legionnaire’s disease
Q – 101 What is the disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
Ans- Enteric diseases
Q – 102 What is the disease caused by Human T-lymphotrophic virus II?
Ans- Hairy cell leukemia
Q – 103 What is the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae 0139?
Ans- New strain of epidemic cholerae
Q – 104 What is the disease caused by Escherichia coli 0157:H7?
Ans- Haemorrhagic colitis
Q – 105 What is the disease caused by Human T-lymphotrophic virus-I?
Ans- T-cell lymphoma